Urinary incontinence, defined by the International Continence Society as “the complaint of any involuntary urinary leakage” is a common and under-reported symptom.¹

The prevalence of urinary incontinence is rising with the growth of an ageing population, thus making it imperative for clinicians to be well...

The bladder is an incredibly complex organ, which develops from the anterior cloaca, a structure that has exquisite evolutionary conservatism, as it performs a vital task across phyla of species from birds to reptiles to mammals, with only small adjustments across species. Interestingly, humans are one of the...